BASIC GENETIC
TERMS
ALLELE
DEFINITION: DIFFERENT FORMS OF A GENE, WHICH PRODUCE
VARIATIONS IN A GENETICALLY INHERITED TRAIT.
EXAMPLE: DIFFERENT ALLELES PRODUCE DIFFERENT HAIR COLORS
BROWN, BLOND, RED, BLACK, ETC.
GENES.
DEFINITION:
GENES
ARE PARTS OF DNA AND CARRY HEREDITARY INFORMATION PASSED FROM PARENTS TO
CHILDREN.
EXAMPLE:
GENES
CONTAIN A BLUEPRINT FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL FOR HER OR HIS SPECIFIC TRAITS.
DOMINANT.
DEFINITION:
THE
DOMINANT VERSION (ALLELE) OF A GENE SHOWS ITS SPECIFIC TRAIT EVEN IF ONLY ONE
PARENT PASSED THE GENE TO THE CHILD.
EXAMPLE:
WHEN
A CHILD INHERITS DOMINANT BROWN‐HAIR
GENE FORM (ALLELE) FROM DAD, THE CHILD WILL HAVE BROWN HAIR.
RECESSIVE.
DEFINITION:
RECESSIVE
GENE SHOWS ITS SPECIFIC TRAIT WHEN BOTH PARENTS PASS THE GENE TO THE CHILD.
EXAMPLE:
WHEN
A CHILD INHERITS RECESSIVE BLUE‐EYE
GENE FORM (ALLELE) FROM BOTH MOM AND DAD, THE CHILD WILL HAVE BLUE EYES.
HOMOZYGOUS.
DEFINITION:
TWO
OF THE SAME FORM OF A GENE ONE FROM MOM AND THE OTHER FROM DAD.
EXAMPLE:
INHERITING
THE SAME BLUE EYE GENE FORM FROM BOTH PARENTS RESULTING IN A HOMOZYGOUS GENE.
HETEROZYGOUS.
DEFINITION:
TWO
DIFFERENT FORMS OF A GENE ONE FROM MOM AND THE OTHER FROM DAD ARE DIFFERENT.
EXAMPLE:
INHERITING
DIFFERENT EYE COLOR GENE FORMS FROM MOM AND DAD RESULT IN A HETEROZYGOUS GENE.
GENOTYPE.
DEFINITION:
INTERNAL
HEREDITARY INFORMATION THAT CONTAIN GENETIC CODE.
EXAMPLE:
BLUE EYE AND BROWN EYE HAVE DIFFERENT GENOTYPES ONE IS CODED FOR BLUE AND THE
OTHER FOR BROWN.
PHENOTYPE.
DEFINITION:
OUTWARDLY EXPRESSED TRAITS OR CHARACTERISTICS.
EXAMPLE:
BOTH HAVING AND NOT HAVING A WIDOW’S PEAK ARE
PHENOTYPES.
MENDELIAN
INHERITANCE.
DEFINITION:
A
SIMPLE GENETIC RULE WHERE A GENE ONLY COMES IN DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE FORMS.
EXAMPLE:
SOME
GENETIC TRAITS FOLLOW MENDELIAN INHERITANCE, WHILE OTHER GENETIC TRAITS FOLLOW
DIFFERENT INHERITANCE PATTERNS OR RULES.
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