TIBETAN ANTELOPE/CHIRU (PANTHOLOPS HODGSONII)

TIBETAN ANTELOPE/CHIRU (PANTHOLOPS HODGSONII)

THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE, SCIENTIFICALLY KNOWN AS PANTHOLOPS HODGSONII AND COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS CHIRU, IS AN EXTRAORDINARY AND ENDANGERED MAMMAL THAT INHABITS THE HIGH-ALTITUDE REGIONS OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU. IT IS AN ICONIC SYMBOL OF THIS UNIQUE AND CHALLENGING ECOSYSTEM, KNOWN FOR ITS STRIKING APPEARANCE, REMARKABLE ADAPTATIONS, AND THE THREATS IT FACES. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WILL DELVE INTO THE FULL DETAILS OF THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE, EXPLORING ITS DESCRIPTION, HABITAT, BEHAVIOR, CONSERVATION STATUS, AND THE CONSERVATION EFFORTS BEING MADE TO PROTECT THIS MAGNIFICENT SPECIES.

TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION: THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE BELONGS TO THE FAMILY BOVIDAE, WHICH INCLUDES OTHER ANTELOPE, GAZELLES, AND SHEEP. IT IS THE SOLE MEMBER OF THE GENUS PANTHOLOPS AND IS CLASSIFIED UNDER THE SUBFAMILY CAPRINAE. THE SCIENTIFIC NAME PANTHOLOPS HODGSONII HONORS BRIAN HOUGHTON HODGSON, A BRITISH NATURALIST WHO PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DOCUMENTING THE WILDLIFE OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT.

DESCRIPTION: THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE IS A MEDIUM-SIZED UNGULATE WITH A DISTINCTIVE APPEARANCE. IT HAS A COMPACT BODY WITH LONG, SLENDER LEGS, ALLOWING IT TO MOVE SWIFTLY ACROSS ITS HIGH-ALTITUDE HABITAT. ADULT MALES, KNOWN AS BUCKS, ARE SLIGHTLY LARGER THAN FEMALES, CALLED DOES. BUCKS TYPICALLY MEASURE AROUND 110-120 CM (43-47 INCHES) AT THE SHOULDER AND WEIGH BETWEEN 40-60 KG (88-132 POUNDS), WHILE DOES ARE SLIGHTLY SMALLER.

ONE OF THE MOST REMARKABLE FEATURES OF THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE IS ITS COAT, WHICH UNDERGOES SEASONAL CHANGES. DURING THE SUMMER, THE COAT IS SHORT AND LIGHT BROWN, PROVIDING CAMOUFLAGE IN THE BARREN LANDSCAPES OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU. HOWEVER, AS WINTER APPROACHES, THE COAT TRANSFORMS INTO A DENSE, WOOLLY LAYER THAT TURNS ALMOST PURE WHITE. THIS ADAPTATION HELPS THE ANTELOPE WITHSTAND THE HARSH WINTER CONDITIONS AND INSULATES IT FROM EXTREME COLD.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE IS ENDEMIC TO THE TIBETAN PLATEAU, ONE OF THE HIGHEST AND LARGEST PLATEAUS IN THE WORLD. IT’S RANGE SPANS ACROSS SEVERAL COUNTRIES, INCLUDING CHINA, INDIA, AND NEPAL. WITHIN CHINA, THE ANTELOPE OCCURS IN THE TIBET AUTONOMOUS REGION AND PARTS OF QINGHAI, GANSU, AND SICHUAN PROVINCES. IN INDIA, IT INHABITS THE LADAKH REGION OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR.

THE TIBETAN PLATEAU PROVIDES A DIVERSE RANGE OF HABITATS FOR THE ANTELOPE. IT PRIMARILY INHABITS ALPINE MEADOWS, STEPPE GRASSLANDS, AND DESERT STEPPES AT ELEVATIONS RANGING FROM 4,000 TO 5,500 METERS (13,000 TO 18,000 FEET) ABOVE SEA LEVEL. THESE HABITATS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREME TEMPERATURES, STRONG WINDS, AND LIMITED VEGETATION. THE ANTELOPE'S ADAPTATIONS ENABLE IT TO THRIVE IN THESE CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENTS.

ADAPTATIONS: THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE HAS EVOLVED REMARKABLE ADAPTATIONS TO SURVIVE IN THE EXTREME CONDITIONS OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU. THESE ADAPTATIONS INCLUDE.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: THE ANTELOPE HAS A LARGE LUNG CAPACITY, ALLOWING IT TO EXTRACT OXYGEN EFFICIENTLY FROM THE THIN AIR AT HIGH ALTITUDES. ITS LUNGS ARE MORE DEVELOPED COMPARED TO LOWLAND SPECIES, ENABLING IT TO COPE WITH LOW OXYGEN LEVELS.

HEMOGLOBIN: THE ANTELOPE'S HEMOGLOBIN HAS A HIGH AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN, ALLOWING IT TO EFFECTIVELY TRANSPORT AND UTILIZE OXYGEN IN THE BODY DESPITE THE LIMITED AVAILABILITY AT HIGH ALTITUDES.

BLOOD VESSELS: THE ANTELOPE POSSESSES SPECIALIZED BLOOD VESSELS THAT REGULATE BLOOD FLOW TO ITS BRAIN AND ORGANS. THIS ADAPTATION HELPS MAINTAIN THE OXYGEN SUPPLY TO VITAL ORGANS, EVEN IN HARSH CONDITIONS.

THICK WOOLLY COAT: THE DENSE, WOOLLY UNDERCOAT OF THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE PROVIDES INSULATION DURING THE HARSH WINTERS, PROTECTING IT FROM FREEZING TEMPERATURES.

REDUCED URINATION: TO CONSERVE WATER, THE ANTELOPE HAS THE ABILITY TO REDUCE URINATION AND CONCENTRATE ITS URINE, MINIMIZING WATER LOSS FROM THE BODY.

BEHAVIOR: TIBETAN ANTELOPES ARE PRIMARILY GRAZERS, FEEDING ON A VARIETY OF VEGETATION, INCLUDING GRASSES, HERBS, AND SHRUBS. THEIR DIET IS ADAPTED TO THE SPARSE AND NUTRIENT-DEFICIENT VEGETATION OF THEIR HIGH-ALTITUDE HABITAT. DURING THE SUMMER MONTHS, WHEN FOOD IS MORE ABUNDANT, THEY SPREAD OUT AND GRAZE IN SMALL GROUPS. HOWEVER, AS WINTER APPROACHES AND RESOURCES BECOME SCARCE, THEY CONGREGATE IN LARGER HERDS TO MAXIMIZE FORAGING EFFICIENCY AND PROTECTION AGAINST PREDATORS.

THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE EXHIBITS SEXUAL DIMORPHISM, WITH MALES DISPLAYING MORE PROMINENT FEATURES THAN FEMALES. DURING THE MATING SEASON, KNOWN AS THE RUT, WHICH TYPICALLY OCCURS IN LATE AUTUMN, MALES COMPETE FOR DOMINANCE AND ACCESS TO FEMALES. THEY ENGAGE IN ELABORATE DISPLAYS, INCLUDING PARALLEL WALKS, LATERAL DISPLAYS, AND URINE SPRAYING, TO ESTABLISH THEIR STATUS AND ATTRACT MATES. THE DOMINANT MALE DEFENDS A TERRITORY AND MATES WITH MULTIPLE FEMALES WITHIN HIS TERRITORY.

REPRODUCTION: THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE REPRODUCTION IS A FASCINATING PROCESS THAT HAS ADAPTED TO THE CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENT THEY INHABIT. BREEDING SEASON FOR THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE TYPICALLY OCCURS DURING THE LATE AUTUMN AND EARLY WINTER MONTHS WHEN TEMPERATURES ARE HARSH, AND THE LANDSCAPE IS COVERED IN SNOW. DURING THIS TIME, THE MALES GATHER IN LARGE GROUPS AND ENGAGE IN FIERCE BATTLES TO ESTABLISH DOMINANCE AND WIN THE RIGHT TO MATE WITH FEMALES. THESE BATTLES INVOLVE DISPLAYS OF STRENGTH AND AGILITY, INCLUDING HEAD-BUTTING AND HORN CLASHING. THE VICTORIOUS MALES THEN FORM HAREMS OF SEVERAL FEMALES, WHICH THEY GUARD VIGOROUSLY FROM OTHER COMPETING MALES. ONCE MATING PAIRS ARE ESTABLISHED, COURTSHIP AND COPULATION TAKE PLACE.

THE GESTATION PERIOD OF THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE IS AROUND SIX MONTHS, WHICH ALLOWS FOR THE BIRTH OF YOUNG IN THE SPRING WHEN VEGETATION IS ABUNDANT. THE FEMALES GIVE BIRTH TO A SINGLE CALF, WHICH IS PRECOCIAL, MEANING IT IS BORN RELATIVELY DEVELOPED AND CAPABLE OF INDEPENDENT MOVEMENT SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH. THIS IS A CRUCIAL ADAPTATION TO THE CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENT, AS IT ALLOWS THE YOUNG ANTELOPE TO KEEP UP WITH THE HERD AND REDUCES THE VULNERABILITY TO PREDATORS.

AFTER BIRTH, THE MOTHER CAREFULLY NURTURES AND PROTECTS HER CALF, ENSURING ITS SURVIVAL. THE FEMALES FORM NURSERY GROUPS, WHERE THEY COLLECTIVELY CARE FOR THE YOUNG, PROVIDING PROTECTION AND GUIDANCE. THIS BEHAVIOR NOT ONLY HELPS IN ENSURING THE SURVIVAL OF THE CALVES BUT ALSO STRENGTHENS THE SOCIAL BONDS WITHIN THE HERD.

CONSERVATION STATUS: THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE IS CLASSIFIED AS ENDANGERED BY THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE (IUCN). THE SPECIES FACES SIGNIFICANT THREATS, PRIMARILY DUE TO ILLEGAL POACHING, HABITAT DEGRADATION, AND CLIMATE CHANGE.

ILLEGAL POACHING: THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE HAS BEEN HEAVILY TARGETED FOR ITS EXCEPTIONALLY FINE WOOL, KNOWN AS SHAHTOOSH, WHICH IS USED TO PRODUCE LUXURIOUS SHAWLS. THE DEMAND FOR SHAHTOOSH IN THE FASHION INDUSTRY HAS DRIVEN EXTENSIVE ILLEGAL HUNTING OF THE SPECIES. THE ANTELOPE'S WOOL IS OBTAINED THROUGH KILLING OR CAPTURING THE ANIMALS, MAKING IT A SEVERE THREAT TO THEIR SURVIVAL.

HABITAT DEGRADATION: HUMAN ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, OVERGRAZING, AND MINING, HAVE RESULTED IN HABITAT DEGRADATION AND FRAGMENTATION. THE CONVERSION OF GRASSLANDS FOR AGRICULTURE AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS DISRUPT THE ANTELOPE'S MIGRATION ROUTES AND REDUCE THE AVAILABILITY OF SUITABLE GRAZING AREAS.

CLIMATE CHANGE: THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IS EXPERIENCING THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, INCLUDING RISING TEMPERATURES, ALTERED PRECIPITATION PATTERNS, AND MELTING GLACIERS. THESE CHANGES HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ANTELOPE'S HABITAT AND THE AVAILABILITY OF KEY RESOURCES SUCH AS WATER AND VEGETATION.

CONSERVATION EFFORTS: EFFORTS ARE UNDERWAY TO CONSERVE THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE AND ADDRESS THE THREATS IT FACES. CONSERVATION INITIATIVES INVOLVE COLLABORATION BETWEEN GOVERNMENTS, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS. SOME KEY CONSERVATION EFFORTS INCLUDE.

LEGAL PROTECTION: THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE IS PROTECTED BY NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAWS. IT IS LISTED UNDER APPENDIX I OF THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES), WHICH BANS INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SHAHTOOSH WOOL. SEVERAL COUNTRIES, INCLUDING CHINA AND INDIA, HAVE ENACTED NATIONAL LAWS TO PROTECT THE SPECIES AND ITS HABITAT.

ANTI-POACHING MEASURES: ANTI-POACHING INITIATIVES HAVE BEEN STRENGTHENED TO COMBAT ILLEGAL HUNTING AND TRADE OF SHAHTOOSH WOOL. INCREASED LAW ENFORCEMENT, INTELLIGENCE GATHERING, AND PATROLLING EFFORTS ARE BEING IMPLEMENTED TO APPREHEND POACHERS AND DISRUPT ILLEGAL NETWORKS.

HABITAT PROTECTION: CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS ARE WORKING WITH GOVERNMENTS TO ESTABLISH PROTECTED AREAS AND NATURE RESERVES IN THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE'S RANGE. THESE AREAS PROVIDE LEGAL PROTECTION FOR THE SPECIES AND ITS HABITAT, HELPING TO SAFEGUARD CRITICAL FEEDING AND BREEDING GROUNDS.

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: ENGAGING LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN CONSERVATION EFFORTS IS CRUCIAL FOR THE LONG-TERM SUCCESS OF CONSERVATION INITIATIVES. COMMUNITY-BASED CONSERVATION PROGRAMS PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS, RAISE AWARENESS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES, AND INVOLVE LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN MONITORING AND PROTECTING THE ANTELOPE'S HABITAT.

RESEARCH AND MONITORING: ONGOING RESEARCH AND MONITORING PROGRAMS HELP GATHER VALUABLE DATA ON THE POPULATION STATUS, BEHAVIOR, AND HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE. THIS INFORMATION GUIDES CONSERVATION STRATEGIES AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE SPECIES.

CONCLUSION: THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE, OR CHIRU, HOLDS IMMENSE ECOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AS AN EMBLEMATIC SPECIES OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU. ITS REMARKABLE ADAPTATIONS AND DELICATE HIGH-ALTITUDE HABITAT MAKE IT A SYMBOL OF RESILIENCE AND BEAUTY. HOWEVER, THE SPECIES FACES SIGNIFICANT THREATS FROM ILLEGAL POACHING, HABITAT DEGRADATION, AND CLIMATE CHANGE. THROUGH DEDICATED CONSERVATION EFFORTS, INCLUDING LEGAL PROTECTION, ANTI-POACHING MEASURES, HABITAT CONSERVATION, COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, AND RESEARCH, WE CAN STRIVE TO SAFEGUARD THE TIBETAN ANTELOPE AND ENSURE ITS SURVIVAL FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS.




 






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เด‡ เดฒേเด–เดจเดค്เดคിเตฝ เด‰เตพเดช്เดชെเดŸുเดค്เดคിเดฏിเดฐിเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจു เดตിเดตเดฐเด™്เด™เตพ เดŽเตปเดฑെ เดšെเดฑിเดฏ เด…เดฑിเดตിเตฝ เดจിเดจ്เดจാเดฃ്. เด‡เดคിเตฝ เดŽเดจ്เดคെเด™്เด•ിเดฒും เดคെเดฑ്เดฑുเด•เตพ เดธംเดญเดตിเดš്เดšിเดŸ്เดŸുเดฃ്เดŸെเด™്เด•ിเตฝ เดคീเตผเดš്เดšเดฏാเดฏും เด…เดค് เด•เดฎเตปเดฑ് เดฌോเด•്เดธിเตฝ เดฐേเด–เดช്เดชെเดŸുเดค്เดคเดฃം. เดญൂเดฎുเด–เดค്เดคുเดณ്เดณ เดฎเดฑ്เดฑു เดœീเดตเดœാเดฒเด™്เด™เดณുเดŸെ เด†เดตാเดธ เดต്เดฏเดตเดธ്เดฅเดฏെ เด…เดคുเดชോเดฒെ เดจിเดฒเดจിเตผเดค്เดคുเดจ്เดจเดคിเดจും. เด…เดตเดฐുเดŸെ เดตംเดถเดจാเดถം เดธംเดญเดตിเด•്เด•ാเดคെ เดจോเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจเดคിเดจും เดตേเดฃ്เดŸി 1972 - เตฝ เด‡เดจ്เดค്เดฏเดฏിเตฝ เดจിเดฒเดตിเตฝเดตเดจ്เดจ เดจിเดฏเดฎเดฎാเดฃ് เด‡เดจ്เดค്เดฏเตป เดตเดจ്เดฏเดœീเดตി (เดธംเดฐเด•്เดทเดฃ) เดจിเดฏเดฎം. เด‡เดจ്เดค്เดฏเตป เดตเดจ്เดฏเดœീเดตി (เดธംเดฐเด•്เดทเดฃ) เดจിเดฏเดฎം 1972-เดฒെ เดจിเดฏเดฎเดฎเดจുเดธเดฐിเดš്เดš്. เด‡เดจ്เดค്เดฏเดฏിเดฒുเดณ്เดณ เดตเดจเด™്เด™เดณിเดฒെ เดชเด•്เดทിเด•เดณെเดฏോ เดฎൃเด—เด™്เด™เดณെเดฏോ เดตേเดŸ്เดŸเดฏാเดŸുเดจ്เดจเดคും เดตിเตฝเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจเดคും เดตാเด™്เด™ുเดจ്เดจเดคും เดตเดณเตผเดค്เดคുเดจ്เดจเดคും เด…เดตเดฐുเดŸെ เด‰เตฝเดชเดจ്เดจเด™്เด™เตพ เด•ൈเดฏിเตฝ เดตเดฏ്เด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจเดคും เดจിเดฏเดฎเดตിเดฐുเดฆ്เดงเดฎാเดฃ്. 1991- เตฝ เด‰เดฃ്เดŸാเดฏ เดจിเดฏเดฎ เดญേเดฆเด—เดคി เดช്เดฐเด•ാเดฐം เดจിเดฏเดฎം เดฒംเด˜ിเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจเดตเตผเด•്เด•് 3000 เดฐൂเดช เดชിเดดเดฏോ 3-เดตเตผเดทം เดคเดŸเดตോ เด…เดฒ്เดฒെเด™്เด•ിเตฝ เดฐเดฃ്เดŸും เด•ൂเดŸിเดฏോ เด†เดฏി เดถിเด•്เดทിเด•്เด•เดช്เดชെเดŸുเดจ്เดจเดคാเดฃ്. เดˆ เดจിเดฏเดฎം เดฒംเด˜ിเด•്เด•เดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸെเดจ്เดจ് เดฌോเดง്เดฏം เดตเดจ്เดจാเตฝ เดตเดจ്เดฏเดœീเดตി เดธംเดฐเด•്เดทเดฃ เดกเดฏเดฑเด•്เดฑ്เดฑเตผเด•്เด•ോ, เดšീเดซ് เดตൈเตฝเดก് เดฒൈเดซ് เดตാเตผเดกเดจോ, เด…เดฆ്เดฆേเดนം เดšുเดฎเดคเดฒเดช്เดชെเดŸുเดค്เดคുเดจ്เดจ เด†เตพเด•്เด•ോ, เดตเดจ്เดฏเดœീเดตി เดตเด•ുเดช്เดช് เด‰เดฆ്เดฏോเด—เดธ്เดฅเตผเด•്เด•ോ, เดธเดฌ് เด‡เตปเดธ്เดชെเด•്เดฑ്เดฑเดฑിเตฝ เด•ുเดฑเดฏാเดค്เดค เดฑാเด™്เด•് เด‰เดณ്เดณ เดชോเดฒീเดธ് เด‰เดฆ്เดฏോเด—เดธ്เดฅเตผเด•്เด•ോ เดฌเดจ്เดงเดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸ เดธ്เดฅเดฒเดค്เดค് เดช്เดฐเดตേเดถിเด•്เด•ാเดจും, เด…เดจ്เดตേเดทเดฃം เดจเดŸเดค്เดคാเดจും, เด…เดฑเดธ്เดฑ്เดฑ് เดตാเดฑเดฃ്เดŸ് เด‡เดฒ്เดฒാเดคെ เดคเดจ്เดจെ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑു เดšെเดฏ്เดคเดตเดฐെ เด…เดฑเดธ്เดฑ്เดฑ് เดšെเดฏ്เดค് เดคเดŸเดตിเตฝ เดชാเตผเดช്เดชിเด•്เด•ാเดจും เดจിเดฏเดฎเดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เดธെเด•്เดทเตป 50 เด…เดงിเด•ാเดฐം เดจเตฝเด•ുเดจ്เดจു. เด‡เดคുเด•ൂเดŸാเดคെ เดธെเด•്เดทเตป 53-เตฝ เด…เดงിเด•ാเดฐിเด•เตพ เดคเด™്เด™เดณുเดŸെ เด…เดงിเด•ാเดฐം เดฆുเตผ‌เดตിเดจിเดฏോเด—ം เดจเดŸเดค്เดคിเดฏെเดจ്เดจ് เดคെเดณിเดž്เดžാเตฝ 500 เดฐൂเดช เดชിเดดเดฏും 6 เดฎാเดธം เดตเดฐെ เดคเดŸเดตും เดจിเดฏเดฎเดค്เดคിเตฝ เดต്เดฏเด•്เดคเดฎാเด•്เด•ിเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸുเดฃ്เดŸ്. เดจเดฎ്เดฎുเดŸെ เดตเดจเด™്เด™เดณിเตฝ เด‰เดณ്เดณ เดŽเดฒ്เดฒാ เดœീเดตเดœാเดฒเด™്เด™เดณെเดฏും เดธംเดฐเด•്เดทിเด•്เด•ാเตป เด’เดฐു เดชൗเดฐเดจെเดจ്เดจ เดจിเดฒเดฏിเตฝ เดŽเดฒ്เดฒാ เดชേเดฐും เดฌാเดง്เดฏเดธ്เดฅเดฐാเดฃ്. เด…เดคുเด•ൊเดฃ്เดŸ് เดจിเดฏเดฎം เดฒംเด˜ിเด•്เด•เดช്เดชെเดŸുเดจ്เดจเดค് เดถ്เดฐเดฆ്เดงเดฏിเตฝเดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸാเตฝ เดŽเดค്เดฐเดฏും เดชെเดŸ്เดŸെเดจ്เดจ് เด…เดงിเด•ാเดฐിเด•เดณെ เดตിเดตเดฐเดฎเดฑിเดฏിเด•്เด•ുเด•.. เด…เด–ിเตฝเดšเดจ്เดฆ്เดฐിเด•, เดคിเดฐുเดตเดจเดจ്เดคเดชുเดฐം, เดจെเดŸുเดฎเด™്เด™ാเดŸ്, +919446614358. เดจเดจ്เดฆി.
















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